Bitcoin Mining Attacks

The difficulty will be adjusted accordingly and automatically (it's part of the protocol). Your scenario can't happen.

what if the miners are hostile to you and censor the transaction.

What math prevents a big enough group of miners and users rolling back the blockchain?

why not? Miners are looking for transactions to verify. If you have the money, and if you craft your transaction so that miners put you first in the queue, you will be quarantined to be in the verified chain.

What if mining pools would deliberately hold back mint blocks until they find more? That way they could invalidate transactions if they like.

Easy, you put the transaction in the previous block. So the miner can only mine a block if they have already made the expenditure.

On average, yes. But mining is a probabilistic process. Occasionally, a minority group will get lucky and mine two blocks in quick succession. If they keep their blocks secret, then they can cause the rest of the network to waste time mining on obsolete blocks and thereby increase their effective share of the network's hash power.

Only of those blocks are accepted by the chain in the future. Zero transaction blocks or blocks with invalid transactions could easily be ignore by the next miner.

Miners can not rewrite the blockchain. They only get to choose which transactions go in and which are rejected or delayed. Each transaction must be signed by the wallet owner so miners can not just assign money to themselves.

Mining continues but the reward comes solely from transaction fees.